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29/10/2009 Notes of a history of Philosophy(1)What are things really like ?
How can we explain the process of change in things?
The important thing to keep in mind , though , is that Greek philosophy from the start wae an intellectual activity , and philosophy meant thinking about basic questions with an attitude of genuine and free inquiry.
Thales raised the question concerning the nature of the world ,the answer is water.
The primary substance out of which all these specific things come , Anaximander argued , is an indefinite or boundless realm.
Anaximmenes designated air as the primary substance from which all things come.
The real significance of the Milesians is ,again ,that they for the first time raised the question about the ultimate nature of things and made the first halting but direct inquiry into what nature really consists of .
In Pythagoras' opinion, all things are numbers.
The problem of change. all things are in flux ,and you cannot step into the same river. Heraclitus thought that "it is wise to agree that all things are one ," that the One takes shape and appears in many forms.
Change and multiplicity , Parmenides said, involve a confusion between appearance and reality . Appearance cannot produce more than opinion , whereas reality is the basis of truth.
Zeno felt strongly that our senses give us no clue about reality but only about appearances. Accordingly , our senses do not give us reliable knowledge but only opinion.
Empedocles argued that being is not One but many . It is the many which are changeless and eternal .
The world and all its objects are well-ordered and intricate structures ; there must , then ,be some being with knowledge and power that organizes the material world in this fashion . Such a rational principle is what aAnaxagoras proposed in his concept of Mind , or nous.
The central contention of Atomism , namely , that everything is made up of atoms moving in empty space.
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